Competitiveness is considered as a key criterion for appraising the degree of success for countries, industries and ENTERPRISES in the political, economic and commercial competition areas. Research findings show that competitiveness has been discussed in three levels of national, industry and enterprise (organization or company). Among all these levels, the enterprise level seems to be more considerable. In this study enterprise competitiveness has been viewed from two main perspectives: construct and behavioral. According to construct perspective, competitiveness includes two groups of factors which are composing and affecting factors. Based on behavioral perspective an enterprise faces two types of factors in its decisions and actions which are strategic and operational ones. As a result of literature review, summarization and complementary edition, totally 28 factors have been identified as competitiveness factors ({16 composing f. and 12 affecting f.} and {15 strategic f. and 13 operational f.}). A questionnaire has also been developed based on these factors. The findings show that in Iranian business context, all competitiveness factors of ENTERPRISES are highly important but very weak.

This article describes "Managing Privatization based on Goals" as a policy for reforming public ENTERPRISES. The author believes that selling of public ENTERPRISES to the private sector, which has been introduced to the world since the 80s, is not the only way of privatization and non-selling alternations are of great significance and should be considered carefully. This viewpoint is based on the reduction in size of the government while there is an emphasis on coordination between the state and the market. Nevertheless, there is a need for assessing the social, political and cultural conditions of the country and priorities in policy making; so that before the state brings about any changes in the role of public ENTERPRISES, it can use the effective alternatives for their special goals and situations. This article introduces the ways to manage privatization by suggesting different alternatives for different goals and situations. It can provide the state with some approaches that are useful in reforming those ENTERPRISES which should stay under its control, or which are not ready to be offered to the private sector.

Aims The aim was to analyze current ecological risk management systems, identify their shortcomings and implement solutions that will help avoid them, and study the ecological component when creating documents concerning the ecological modernization of ENTERPRISES. Information & Methods The present study investigates ecological and civil safety using logical analysis, comparative analysis, the formal-legal method, synthesis, deduction, and the analysis method of scientific literature. Findings The result of this paper is the identification of theoretical and practical foundations of ecological risk management systems, their effectiveness in preventing anthropogenic and ecological disasters, and the analysis of the regulatory framework for creating and implementing documentation to be used in the ecological modernization of ENTERPRISES. Conclusion The authors developed ecological risk management systems, eliminating shortcomings in their performance, introducing methods that will improve and make such systems more effective, as well as increasing the level of the ecological component during operations with documents that are cornerstones for ecological improvement of institutions and ENTERPRISES.

In this study, an investigation of long-term forecasts relating to the development of the transport sector in Poland is performed, including the ones by 2030 and 2050. Selected transport development forecasts from the perspective of the membership of Poland in the European Union are presented and most of all, from the perspective of national studies. The basement for the review were prognosis of: European Commission, Central Statistical Office, International Monetary Fund, Department of Economic, Sectoral and Agricultural Market of BGZ BNP PARIBAS S. A., Motor Transport Institute, WiseEuropa Institute of Warsaw Transport Institute, as well as prognosis of the scientific experts. Despite temporary economic downturns, the demand for freight transport is steadily growing and, as shown by the forecasts, it will grow in the future. In 2018 the situation on the freight transport market was expected to remain stable, mainly due to the continuous high demand for international carriages.